President Erdogan has been working to hollow out Turkey's democratic institutions in an authoritarian power grab that is seeing the strong man become stronger.

We know the names of global corporations, where they are headquartered and where they invest and operate. But we don't usually think of them in political terms. How do global corporations drive or modify the agendas of states?

This was a year in which cartographers, among others, were put on notice as the world's borders came under threat. From Iraq to Spain, separatism was in vogue.